Grammaria

Capital City*  

   The capitol city of Grammaria is Quaker, an old and important city in the rough center of the  nation within the Koloránto province, nestled into the Grammari foothills along the Pyrinas River. Iconic locations in the city include the Megaleiódis Stadium, a public entertainment structure built in 600 BC and still in active use today (maintenance by the city included), the Palace of the Twin Kings, which is now a government office, and the Syndesi Bridge, the largest bridge between either side of the city,  currently hosting the M01 Highway. The city of Quaker has been the seat of power of Grammaria as long  as it and the nation have existed, and even today, is still important to commerce along the Pyrinas. It is  also considered (and proven correct by archeologists) the origin and birthplace of the Grammari people. The Siege of the Last Bastion from 1648 to 1670 took place only 40 to 50 kilometers away.  

National Population*  

   Current national population in 1947 is recorded at 26.46 million. I cannot provide much of demographic  overview at this time, but there is a dent in the pyramid in the younger age groups, echoing the Great War,  as well as other dents showing damage from previous conflicts. The three main ethnicities in the nation  are Tuzhan, Reviesh (both present due to colonization), and the dominant local Grammari.  

Government Type/Structure*  

   The United Republic of Grammaria operates under a type of federal republic. It has three main branches or ‘chambers,’ and a house dedicated to handling elections. These branches are the Executive, consisting  of the Presidency and Cabinet; Legislative, consisting of the Parliament and High Council; and Judicial,  consisting of the nation’s courts, City, Provincial, National, and Governmental. The separate branch is
the House of Elections, which contains members and overseers tied to all three of the other branches. The Executive Chamber oversees governmental operations and carries out legislation, also handling wartime  activities when needed. The Legislative Chamber is responsible for drafting policies and laws. The lower house typically comes up with legislation, while the higher house OKs, refines, and/or rejects it. The Judicial Chamber is responsible for enforcing the laws and keeping the other chambers in check, as are  the others. The three Chambers are balanced in such a way as to allow for effective operation and decision-making while also keeping no one or two branches from exercising more power than the others. 

   Responsibilities of the Presidency and Cabinet:  
   The President is the head of state and government, and his/her job is to oversee the operation of the  government and carry out the decisions decided by the Legislative Chamber, while also acting as  commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The Vice President assists the President and takes over  Presidential responsibilities if needed. The Cabinet is made up of the executive departments of the  Executive Chamber, with the heads of those departments acting as advisors to the Presidency.   

   Responsibilities of the Senate and Parliament:  

   The Senate is the higher house of the Legislative Chamber (also called a Congress), made up of 33 members, three from each province. They have similar responsibilities to the Parliament, yet possess more  authority in certain places, capable of confirming appointed officers and trying cases of impeachment– thus possessing equal power to the presidency, more in certain scenarios. The Parliament’s job is to draft  policies and laws for review by the Senate and courts, and can assist the Senate in decision-making when needed.  

   Responsibilities of the Courts:  
   The job of the City courts is to handle civil and criminal cases for their respective cities and surrounding  areas, and operate similarly to how city and county courts do in the US. The Provincial courts handle  provincial-level civil, criminal, and governmental cases, like a mix of the US’s Federal and State courts.  The National court oversees the operation of the lower courts, and can handle cases that come up the  chain to it. The Governmental Court primarily handles government cases and keeps the other Chambers  and Houses in check (including assisting the Senate in impeachment trials).  

   Responsibilities of the House of Elections:  
   It is the sole responsibility of the House of Elections to oversee and coordinate all government elections within the country. To do this, they have committees and chambers dedicated to each house and agency,  tasked with taking in votes from the general populace and processing them, as well as handling campaign funding. This was the case to prevent political parties (a potential vehicle for foreign interference) from gaining significant influence in the government.  

   Economic System* 

   The economic system on which Grammaria operates is a variation of Capitalism. It is similar to a mix of  the United States and European Union in that though it is free to operates as a free market, there are  laws and limitations in place to prevent monopolies from forming and protect the populace from foul  practices. One thing that should be noted about this is Grammaria’s very robust antitrust and labor laws.  The courts and Cabinet are responsible for enforcing these laws, and the Parliament and Senate are  responsible for making, updating or maintaining/interpreting these laws. Some of the core laws that  define the economy are the Morris Antitrust Act, which prohibits having fewer than three major  competitors among other things, and the Fair Working Hours Act, which enforced the 40-hour work week.  Thereare many others, but these are two of the big ones. The Government gains its funds through a flat  income tax and flat sales tax, to keep calculations simple and limit government overreach. Any changes  in tax laws or other economic regulations have to pass through the entire Legislative Chamber and  Governmental Court, and corporations are barred from lobbying influencing the government by the  Business Interference Act. Trade is relatively open, though tariffs are imposed on a few of the nation’s  major enemies, and keeping a strong and competent workforce at home is considered very important.  

   Government Centralization  

   The Grammarian government is roughly in the middle when it comes to centralization. The Federal  government handles national and international affairs, while the individual provincial government  handle affairs within their borders with a lower level of government oversight. Policy-making and  taxation are typically federal affairs, while law enforcement is handled by the federal, provincial, and city  governments roughly equally. To ensure such governmental power is balanced, there are laws put in place  limiting what each part of the government can do. Penalties for breaking those laws are extreme, and  punishment is handled quickly, to discourage corruption. Many of the features of this government  structure were influenced by the nation’s culture, and what the nation has learned over time. The extreme punishments written into law to combat corruption particularly are there to prevent the corruption that helped tear Ancient Grammaria apart.  

   Government Cohesion  

   The Government of Grammaria is a fairly coherent one. The three chambers of the federal government  are linked together in order to facilitate decision-making, and the agendas of the chambers, though they  may differ, align enough to function better. Regardless, the laws that govern its operation help to prevent  one branch gaining too much power. The decision-making process usually runs fairly smoothly. There are  occasional conflicts over certain issues, but the structure of the government and the mandatory training  for government officials helps to resolve these. For situations regarding conflicts, and to help resolve them, there are special “Resolution” sessions in the houses of the Legislative Chamber and, if needed, the
Court can take it on as a “Government Infighting” case. If things have gone seven days or more without progress and filibustering is still holding it up, and only then, can a “Nuclear Option” be used by an overseeing official (President, Chief Senator, Judge, etc.), forcing a vote on the issue. This was done to try and maintain some of the quick-decision-making of previous governments, without putting the people at risk of a repeat of the Colonial Era, and influenced by the culture’s championing of respect. This demand for respect helps the government’s cohesion, as the officials within the government can more easily cooperate with one another.  

   Terrain & Climate  
   When it comes to landscapes, Grammaria is fairly normal for its region. A picturesque mountain range, the Tori Mountains, runs along near the nation’s center before hooking east along the upper center of the nation, including sites such as Lansílot’s Peak (think Pike’s Peak IRL), Mount Froúrio, and Echo Bluff (like El Capitan in Yosemite National Park IRL). The Grammari Foothills (which give Grammaria its name) roll along the central region of the nation just south of the Toris, offering great views and fertile farmland in the valleys and watersheds. They flatten out into plains surrounding the Foothills butting up against the Garzand Plateau along the South Coast. A fault line runs from Urukand through part of the mountains out East into the Internal Sea, being the cause of minor earthquakes on occasion. It also creates awe-inspiring formations of rocks piled up on the north side of the Mountains.

   There are really only two seasons in the nation: Summer and Winter. Summers are somewhat hot around the West Coast, and cooler—though still warm in the Foothills and and on the Plateau. Early Summer sees the big crop harvests, the days get hotter, and the last bloom of the Scarlet Pine, a rare tree within Grammaria’s borders (only found around the Tori Mountains) though more common in Toripuru. Winters are mild with mostly rain falling at the coldest in most places except in the Tori Mountains, the only place in the country that sees snowfall and year-round snow cover. The tail of Winter is the most picturesque, with rain picking up a bit and flowers blooming, a typical Spring for the region. In summary, there are only two discernible seasons, the hot and dry Summer, and the cooler and wetter Winter.

   Major Cities*  

   First and foremost is the Capitol, Quaker, located in the Koloranto province with a population of around  2.2 million. It has been the capitol as long as the nation has existed. It is an administrative center, and an  important logistics hub on the Pyrinas River, in addition to its rail and highway connections. It also  serves as the provincial capitol of Koloranto. The Last Bastion Heitage Site is only about 40 kilometers  west of the city, making it very culturally important.  
Kalliunt, located in the Koloranto province with a population of around 1.6 million. A major industrial  town built near an iron mine. It is an important producer of steel, and is connected via rail and the  highways to the rest of the country.  
Katara, located in the Koloranto province with a population of around 1.8 million. It is also an industrial  city, and is the location of headquarters of Starfire Motors LLC, a major automotive and aeronautics  company. It is connected by rail, highway, and a major airport to the rest of the nation.  Volirea, the provincial capitol of the Voreia Pediada, province with a population of around 1.2 million. It  is located at a major rail and highway junction, and was for a long time, the furthest west noteworthy
settlement in the province before Kydessa. It is connected by rail, highway, and an airport to the rest of  the nation.  
Magora, located in the Voreia Pediada province with a population of around 2.5 million. It is the largest  port city on Lake Limni Voker, and is one of the most important cultural centers in the country. It is  connected by rail, highway, and a major airport to the rest of the nation.  
Pandopetri, the provincial capitol of the Voreia Pediada province, with a population of around 1.7 million. It is a major railhead town, and is an important stopping point on the trek to the northern border.  It is connected by rail, highway, and a major airport to the rest of the nation.  
I will stop here for now, until I can develop the patience to continue.  

   Major Ports/Harbors*  
   

   Nysiáe, a port in the Mikrí Thálassa Sea in the Ygroviótopo province. It is the largest port city on the sea, and  an important logistics hub in the region, thus having extensive docking, storage, and transport infrastructure.  It is also a popular stop for pleasure cruising, as the Mikrí Thálassa is fairly calm and enjoyable.  Amaróy Epíneio, a city home to a military port near the Magnócaeá Strait in the Ygroviótopo province. It is a  strategically important military base in the region, thus having naval infrastructure and an airbase there. It  also hosts an Army garrison to protect it in the event of war.  
Amaróy Epíneio, a city home to a military port near the Magnócaeá Strait in the Ygroviótopo province. It is a  strategically important military base in the region, thus having naval infrastructure and an airbase there. It  also hosts an Army garrison to protect it in the event of war.  
Mallané, a major port city home to a military port on a peninsula in Mallané Bay, in the Kentakí province. It is  vitally important to maritime trade, and is one of the best-equipped ports in the country as a result. Its  importance also warranted protection, which means there is a naval base, air base, and army installation there  as well to protect it. Throughout history, Mallané has been an important port in the bay, and allowed easier  trade between Old Grammaria and the peoples that populated modern-day Urukand, meaning there is a bit of  Urukandian influence on the local culture.  
Pylódes, a port city home to a smaller military port in the Xiragi province. It is not as important of a port as  others like Mallané or Zoltár, and is thus smaller and less equipped. It was important to the war effort in the  Great War, however, and a lot of that military infrastructure still remains.  
Zoltár, a major port city home to a military port at the mouth of the Zandish Strait in the Zántia province. It is  a very important trading hub and Coast Guard base for Grammaria, and is thus very well-equipped and  connected. It is also a strategically important military base in the region for controlling the Zandish Strait,  thus having naval infrastructure and an airbase there.  
Dorýdos, a major port city home to a military port, north of the Agriadýsi Peninsula in the Órenkon province.  It is Grammaria’s largest and best-equipped port/harbor on the Internal Sea, and one of only a few. Due to  this, it and the port of Sinysos on Cook’s Island are strategically vital to maintaining control of the Internal Sea
as well as industry and logistics. This means there is a military port there, as well as an auxiliary airbase. That  pales in comparison to Cook’s Island, however, as it is effectively a giant floating aircraft carrier and naval  base at this point.  
All of these ports and more play an important role in Grammaria’s economy, allowing them to import goods  and materials they don’t have (like Platinum, Cobalt, or certain Rice grains) and export what they can  produce.  

   National Resources & Economic Produce*  
   As far as natural resources are concerned, Grammaria has a fair amount a variety of materials at its disposal  within its borders. These include Iron, Aluminum, Titanium, Silica, and Graphite in plentiful amounts on land.  Less plentiful natural resources are Tungsten, Vanadium, Silicon, and Nickel. Rare resources include gold, silver, and gemstones. These are available in Grammaria’s many mines in the Tori Mountains as well as other regions. For agricultural products, vegetables are grown near the coasts alongside some breeds of rice, while wheat, barley, and oats are the main crops (Methysméni Vrómi, a type of whiskey, is made with oats). Fish are plentiful on the coasts and in rivers and lakes (though regulations do keep tight on how much can be fished, to  avoid overfishing), while livestock like pigs and cattle can be found inland alongside one of the most sought after livestock animals, the Grammari Buffalo. For energy resources, Grammaria has a distinct lack of fossil fuel deposits within their borders, which has led to a requirement for imports. Wood, however, is incredibly abundant. This means a lot of Grammaria’s civilian vehicles and other things can be made to run on wood gas as well as oil and sometimes–oddly enough, canola oil. This has also led to steam power still having a place on road vehicles as well as trains, and biofuel research is trudging along–albeit slowly as of 1947. They also can produce Tritium, primarily for nuclear research, though they are collaborating on a West Vanholdan project that requires it. I must note that Grammaria flat out does not have any mines extracting Platinum Group elements or Cobalt. 

   Economic Boons*  

   Industries that have boomed or “taken off” in Grammaria are the automotive and aviation industries.  Shipbuilding is there as well, but the sheer explosion of automotive and aviation have overtaken it. These  sectors gained prominence due to the work of entrepreneurs like Robert S. MacKimson of Starfire Motors, as  well as conditions such as the rising need for better ground transportation to compliment rail. In Aviation, the government had financed research into aeronautics, allowing Companies like Peterson Aviation to take root and Starfire Aeronautics (employer of well-known aircraft designer Rowan J. Michailidis, and all-round  aviation *beast* Daniel Zikos) to form, which allowed its parent company to branch into this new industry.  There is concern that the explosion of these industries could cause an overspecialization, but so far, the nation  is just fine. This edge has also indirectly benefited agriculture (improving crop yields), and helped give Grammaria a technological edge that could help it considerably.

National Economic Struggles*  

   Grammaria as a nation was coming off the heels of the Great War, which means there are some number of soldiers reintegrating into society, and parts of the nations infrastructure (rail in particular) were damaged by  the conflict. This means parts of Grammaria’s north are suffering infrastructure inadequacy, and  unemployment rates are growing concerningly high. Additionally, Abkhadrian competition in the railroad industry is hurting Grammarian railroad manufacturers. These are contributing to steadily rising  unemployment and a bit of inflation alongside Grammarian rail being effectively strangled. It also has the  Department of the Military concerned as well, as these issues pose a potential risk of undermining certain  parts of the military. Grammaria’s government is doing what it can though, and new initiatives and legislation  are coming in to help solve these issues. These include the now-active Infrastructure Redevelopment Initiative,  which is providing jobs to repair the damaged infrastructure, and the proposed Foreign Competition Act,  which would adjust tariffs and other restrictions on non-IMAP foreign companies to ensure fair competition.  The IRI appears to be working fairly well, and the FCA is currently passing through the Legislative Chamber.  These infrastructure problems were rectified by the mid-1950s, allowing a huge economic boom.

National Technology Level*  

Grammaria is doing their best to, if not lead the world in technology, at least keep up. In many areas, they are doing decently well. However, in aircraft development, they are ahead to some degree in aerodynamics. They have also grown adept at developing and producing powerful, lightweight, and reliable piston engines, though they have yet to attempt anything larger than a 45.0L radial (outside of Starfire AirPower’s 70.2L 24-cylinder heavy-left engines, which are a comparative oddity). As far as ongoing research and such is concerned, aviation is still receiving research, as well as automotive and industrial. Medical is getting research as well, and maritime is keeping up.
  

   National Education/Research Quality*  

   As far as education is concerned, there are three main levels of schooling, Primary, Secondary, and  Tertiary, all of which have to meet or exceed the minimum requirements of the Fair Education Act. Public  schools are available on all three levels, but there are also private schools as well. There are some  particularly well-known schools on the Tertiary level, such as the University of Cartersville, which  specializes in physics, the Gorman Technological Institute, which specializes in technology, and the  Cultural College of Magora, which specializes in cultural studies and archeology. Additionally, there is  an International Spacefaring Committee headquarters and launching site in Arsilíki, Xiragi Province. All  the above-mentioned major universities and the ISC are important to Grammaria’s research and  technological development, as well as their research partnerships with their allies. UoC has been pushing  the boundaries of physics in the nation for some time, working with Andharian researchers on major discoveries, though for a long time, that has not been exclusively the case. Another institution, dedicated to research  in aeronautics, has pushed Grammaria to the forefront on this space, the Enkanté Aerodynamics Laboratory. Financed by the Grammarian government and Starfire Motors, this organization is on the cutting edge of aerodynamics. All of these combined together have and still do allow Grammaria to not only understand itself and what makes it what it is, but also how to get better. Children are required to attend primary and secondary school from grades 1 through 12,  but  after that, it’s up to the individual to continue and/or specialize.

   Military Strength, Composition, & Focus*  

   The Grammarian armed forces are currently composed of about 1,115,500 active-duty personnel, with  2,231,000 in reserve, for a total of 3,346,500 in military service. There are two main branches, the Army  and the Navy. Additionally, sub-branches include the Army’s Special Forces and Army Air Force, and the  Navy’s Coast Guard and Navy Air Corps. The Army and Navy are about the same size regarding active duty personnel at 446,200, with the Army Air Force and Navy Air Corps combined taking up 223,100.  Additionally, there is the reserves, with the Reserve Logistics Corps, and the Army and Navy reserves  (also counting the AAF and NAC). The main focuses of the military are as follows: Maintaining sovereignty and territorial integrity, and projecting power where needed. To help with power projection,  the Grammarian military can cooperate with other militaries. This included IMAP at first before a membership in the Tasharkan Pact overtook it and rendered it irrelevant and forgotten by around 1954. Currently, Grammaria is a member of the UDC.

   Military Struggles*  

   The main issues the military are dealing with are the lack of ability to operate in polar environments, the split nature of the AAF and NAC’s operations, and the lifeline nature of the Reserve Logistics Corps— though they are a reserve thing. Additional issues include the beginning of downsizing of the military  (though not by much) and the need for Grammaria and IMAP to develop gas turbine propulsion, which  means Grammaria is a bit behind until they can successfully get turbines into service. This puts the  military in a pickle should they have to stave off a PRU invasion, with Urukand currently developing a  propulsion advantage for a bit.  

   National Welfare & Social Support  

   This is where Grammaria’s economy and  government start to look more socialist. For those who are financially struggling, there are systems in place that can take some load off. If you  were to lose your job, you qualify for four months of welfare checks to cover the bills until one can find a job. If a job isn’t found in that time, the government will attempt a brief  job search and offer employment in the military. This also has the side effect of helping to keep unemployment rates down. Additionally, there is also a social security program, not unlike the United States.

   National Cultural & Historical Background  

   The nation of Grammaria has existed as a civilization for several millennia, and a lot of cultural knowledge has been amassed in that time. They were of the philosophical type back in their classical ancient years, writing some of Mankind’s most renowned sayings and moral foundations. They did decline and collapse under colonial rule for some time, but their culture and its values survived mostly  unscathed. This colonial environment, in its later years, is also the environment in which the religion of Smithism was born.

   Modern National Culture & Society  

   In the modern day, almost the same cultural values that defined pre-colonial Grammaria are  still present.  However, it now also shares space with more modern trends, some of which being extensions of older  ideas. Smithism is dominating the religious space. In music, Rock and Roll is starting to take shape and lay the groundwork for hard rock to emerge later. Additionally, cinema is taking off, and television is now emerging to the masses. The equality movement, which finds its roots in more traditional Grammarian culture, has taken hold a long time ago, and recently settled down.Please share information about the modern society & culture of your nation. Recent technological advancements have also made communication and travel much easier, helping to speed the spread of ideas (the Government has taken notice of this). There is some friction though, between Grammaria and Tuzhaz, brought on by the Great War, that is likely to stay for quite awhile, given Tuzhaz’s treatment of Grammaria in the colonial age among other things.  

   National Religion  

   Grammaria doesn’t have a nationally-sponsored religion, and national law prohibits religious discrimination of any kind. When it comes to what religions are practiced, however, the dominant one is Smithism (a copy-paste of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints), which was named after its first prophet. Sunnyism is also fairly common.

   Civil Struggles*  

   The Grammarian government is transitioning back to peacetime operations, and though some citizens do  express concerns over potential government overreach, things are running smoothly. The real problem is in  ethnic tensions. Tuzhaz was Enemy Number One for Grammaria during the war, and that has caused tensions  between ethnic Tuzhan Grammarians and the other ethnicities. This is due to Grammaria’s extremely negative  view of Tuzhaz as an evil aggressor what was bent on Grammaria’s destruction. To add insult to injury, close to 100,000 ethnic Tuzhans were imprisoned in camps during the war over fears of some of them being spies.  This means that Tuzhan Grammarians now have issues, as they now have paranoia to deal with. This will  mostly likely compound Grammaria’s issues with Tuzhaz. 

   Foreign Relations & Diplomacy*  

   Following the Great War, Grammaria would begin treating their across-the-Strait neighbor and former enemy  Greater Beauregard as an ally, and have very close ties to the recently-independent Toripuru, providing  humanitarian and military aid to them as they got their legs under them. They also retain good relations with  Baria (a trading partner), Abkhadria (a far-flung Island ally) and Zephria (another ally in Solair), and are  growing closer to Alithia. They are also in good terms with Samisnon. Additionally, they support and maintain  close relations to West Vanholda, and are a major arms supplier to them. Grammaria is an early joiner of  Solair, and one of the three founding members of the Internal Mutual Assistance Pact in 1948 (IMAP for  short), which is a military and economic union concerned with keeping close relations and maintaining  territorial integrity and sovereignty. Alithia would join in 1949. As for the PRU, Grammaria fought alongside  them, although now they are growing somewhat uneasy of Urukand and the Tasharkan Pact (with the  exception of Toripuru and Intermarium). They trust they can coexist peacefully, though (hopefully). 

   Border Statuses & Conflicts*  
   As far as land borders are concerned, Grammaria is open to their ally, Toripuru, up north, while more  regulated on the modern with the PRU. The main reasoning is due to the shared history witrh Toripuru,  particularly recently, and their status as close wartime allies persisting post-war. Meanwhile, Grammaria  has grown somewhat uneasy of Urukand, due to their stance in the world and demeanor.  

   Additional Information/Lore*  

The following is the complete lore of Grammaria from 1,000 BC to 1946 AD:

    Early Modern Days (Age of Late Equatus, 1200’s to mid-1640s)
    In the early days, during the height of the Middle Ages, the land of what would become Grammaria was ruled by the Early Grammarians, who called it Grammari after its central foothills. Those who bordered their lands, and others throughout the world, simply called them Equatus, as they sat very near to the Earth’s Equator on the Continent of Myral. They were ruled be a Council of Two—the Twin Kings of Grammari. They weren’t necessarily fighters, not possessing the biggest army (only 150,000 troops filled their ranks), but they were revered and respected for their advancement. That would prove to be their downfall in the 16th and 17th centuries.
    Tidbit: Ancient Grammaria (Early Equatus), 1000s BC to 550 AD.
    In the Age of Antiquity, they were of the philosophical type, writing some of Mankind’s most renowned sayings and moral foundations. They also were well-versed in Mathematics, with such great mathematicians such as Trigonoptus, who discovered Trigonometry, and philosophers like Thomas the Thoughtful, who laid the modern moral foundations that would define Grammaria for millennia to come.
    Continuation through Middle Equatus (551 to 1200) to Late Equatus (1200-1670).
    As the years drew by, Equatus began to wane in power. The Twin Kings, meant to balance each other out, began to become inept, some being corrupt as well. Their armies began lagging behind in technological prowess, and a new power was rising on the shores of the Internal Sea: the Tuzhan Empire. They had access to and embraced gunpowder, and were expanding rapidly. Equatus’s northern neighbor, Toripuru proved a tough nut to crack, protecting them for some time, but then the Tuzhans came by sea in the 1560s, setting up colonies on their Western shores. A rival power from far away, Reveland, also sets up colonies in the southeast, and after interactions with the Equatasians, these colonial powers call it “Grammara, later changing pronunciation to Grammaria over time.
   Tuzhaz and Reveland race to grab as much land is they can from 1641 to 1647, as Equatus’s government collapses under the strain, until the Last Bastion, west of Quak (modern-day Quaker) is all that remains in the Grammari Foothills. The second king, now called the Chieftain, holds on for 23 years until 1670, when Tuzhaz besieges the Last Bastion, their now-overwhelming technological advantage completely destroying the fortress in three months and killing all souls inside. The ruins are a historical heritage site today, and the Bastion’s fall marks the end of the Age of Equatus. Now begins the Colonial Age. Tuzhaz’s influence also results in the region’s adoption of Kallerish (Prop-Punk’s version of English) by the locals, all-but wiping out the local, Greek-inspired Grammick.
    Independence (1860-1865).
1860: following a major war involving the Reveish Empire, unrest develops in the Grammaria Region over increasing pressure on them to pay Reveland’s war debts. It boils over into open rebellion twice (once in 1862 and again in 1863).
1864: the Grammarian people demand independence, and their demands are growing so loud as to threaten the possibility of civil war. The Reveish Empire cannot afford this, so they agree to hold a referendum in October. It comes out with an overwhelming vote for independence, and the process begins.
1865: The Declaration of Independence is signed on July 22nd, with the Constitution ratified on October 17th, and the newly independent Republic of Grammaria is now on its own. It begins to organize itself, reforming its old minuteman militia into a proper army. The foundations for what would later become a powerful industrial complex and navy to back it up are laid. However, Tuzhaz retains control over Cook’s Island off the north coast of the Agriadýsi Peninsula, to the brand-new government’s dismay.
    Unification (early-to-mid 1870s).
1871: things start to crack in Southern Grammaria’s northern neighbor, called Northern Grammaria (same region). They yearn for independence from their overlord, Tuzhaz. Tensions boil over by the middle of summer, and the RoG renders aid to the rebels to help them win their independence.
1872: The War for Northern Grammarian Independence is over, and Southern Grammaria is victorious after a close shave in the winter of 1871/1872. The two halves appear set to go their separate ways, but things table a different turn when the Parliament of Nirthern Grammaria votes to reunite. The process begins in 1874 and concludes in 1876.
1876: the United Republic of Grammaria is born, making Grammaria whole again like the days of old, and with the Northern member’s thirst for manifest destiny mostly satisfied, they begin to take part in the Industrial Revolution taking place at the time.
    Sutherland Fiasco (1890’s).
1894: The Greater Beauregard Empire occupies Grammaria’s Sutherland Islands off the Southern Grammarian coast. The people and Government alike are angered, and the government condemns Greater Beauregard’s actions, moving their brand-new Navy to blockade the island. Beauregard responds by blockading the Zandish Straits between them. This outrages the waning Tuzhan Empire, and they assemble send a flotilla of warships to break up the blockade in 1895.
1895: the Tuzhan naval flotilla arrives in the Zandish Straits in December to clear out Beauregard’s blockade. They don’t budge, so the Tuzhan ships open fire on Beauregard’s vessels, sparking a naval incident that leads to the accidental bombardment of the coast of Grammaria’s side of the straits. 29 people on shore die as a result.
1896: Outraged and offended by Beauregard’s belligerence and Tuzhaz’s blunder, Grammarian Congress meets in January to discuss the possibility of war. Beauregard has illegally occupied the Sutherlands, which is argued as an act of aggression, and Tuzhaz has shelled their coast, argued to be an obvious sign of intent to invade. Disaster is averted when it is brought up that the Tuzhan ships were there to clear Beauregard’s blockade, not start a war. The topic then shifts to what to do about the Sutherlands and Beauregard, and it is settled on talks of potentially sharing the islands. The attempts to reach out to Beauregard go on for a year.
1897: The United Republic of Grammaria and the Empire of Greater Beauregard enter official talks regarding ownership of the Sutherland Islands to Grammaria’s request. The talks and referendums go on from February through September, and it is concluded that ownership of the islands is to be shared. In the end, residents of the Sutherlands are citizens of both nations, and the government is represented in both nations. Beauregard and Grammaria maintain close ties as a result to the present day.
    Turn of the Century/Great War (1900-1946).
1905: It’s been five years since the Turn of the Century, and the United Republic of Grammaria is a booming industrial power. Their military, although not the biggest, boasts a decent technological advantage despite their Kentáki class of pre-dreadnought battleships being obsolete out the gate. Looking to gain more and connect with other nations to trade, they seek good relations with whoever they can. Tuzhaz is mostly out of the question, given they had ruled the region previously and still distasted them. Beauregard, though in decent relations with Grammaria, was not as interested in trading at the time.
    They continued to look for interested nations to trade with, but only found a few that were really interested. One such nation was another inhabitant of Myral, the neutral Samisnon. Grammaria continued to search for trade partners which found them opening trade more with the nation responsible for the current international monetary trade standard, the United Provinces of Andharia. They also opened official relations with Baria, allowing the inflow of resources and knowledge that Grammaria didn’t yet have much of (like Platinum and Cobalt). This was good for the nation’s economy, but they continued to search to satisfy their hunger for trade and good relations, eventually landing on another, much smaller island nation farther away, Abkhadria.
1906 to 1909: It had only been six years from the turn of the century, and Grammaria was now opening diplomatic channels and trade with a nation they had previously not interacted with much. Things were going fairly smoothly, and they came to an agreement. There was just one problem, and that was the distance between them and the route they needed to take. The two nations were separated by a considerable distance, and the route to get between them took them through the Zandish Strait. Thankfully, relations with Beauregard remained stable, but Tuzhaz was outraged. They did not attempt any blockades, however, as the Sutherland Fiasco was still fresh in their minds.
  1914: Tuzhaz begins some form of ethnic cleansing of Cook’s Island’s local Grammari people, with an unknown reasoning or motive. This outrages the Grammarian people and government, and they condemn Tuzhaz’s actions on Cook’s Island as barbaric and inhumane as well as issue a warning: if Tuzhaz does not cease their actions by the end of the year, Grammaria will be forced to intervene, directly and forcefully if necessary.
  1915: the year rolls over into 1915, and the cleansing has not ceased. Holding to their word, Grammaria’s Navy blockades Cook’s Island and deploys marines to coastal towns where the cleansing has not yet reached, protecting the Grammari locals the best they can. Tuzhaz sees what is happening and issues its own warning to Grammaria: if you don’t leave, then it’s war. Grammaria receives the warning, and not wanting to engage the Tuzhan fleet for fear of potential material and human costs, begins pulling out—albeit slowly, stalling as much as they can. Seeing as they can’t directly prevent Tuzhaz from wiping out the local Grammari population in a genocide (guessing that the current Tuzhan government has gone full NatSo—prop-punk version of Nazi), they evacuate is many Grammaris as they can during their withdrawal, managing to rescue 2,096. Grammaria still won’t let the ongoing Grammari Genocide continue unabated, however, so they argue and posture as much as they can to stall it. They even enlist the aid of a revolutionary group from Tuzhan-occupied Toripuru to slow down Tuzhaz’s extermination campaign as much as possible. This may be been a major contributing factor in Tuzhaz’s decision to invade later on during the Great War.
  1921: one of the first classes of dedicated Aircraft Carrier is created with the commissioning of UGS Eagle, a great feat for the nation. She was built for speed to get ahead of the fleet in engagements, although that meant carrying capacity was compromised somewhat at 70 aircraft during the Great War (versus the usual 120).
  1936: the Great War breaks out following an incident between the PRU and Tuzhan Empire, and Grammaria is rightfully worried. Tuzhaz could invade at any moment to open a new front in the PRU, so plans are drawn up for a defense should that happen, detailing an effort to slow down if not stop the Tuzhan military in the Tori Mountains, then fight a delaying action back to the Grammari Foothills and dig in should the mountain defense prove untenable. Relations with Beauregard sour as a result of the War, and everyone is on edge. Grammaria condemns the invasion as uncalled for and unjustified, and cuts trade to Tuzhaz in an embargo. Beauregard picks up the slack, and Grammaria’s military is put on high alert.
1937: Civil War is brewing in Grammaria’s northern neighbor, the Tuzhan-controlled Toripuru. Seeing hope for their northern neighbor and comrade’s independence, and noticing Urukand’s movements to cross Grammarian land toward Toripuru, the Government reaches out to Urukand’s to figure out what they intend to do. Through the communiques exchanged, the Grammarian Government is made aware that they intend to fight for Toripuru’s freedom. Knowing this, they agree to assist Urukand’s military in crossing their land, dispatching the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Battalions to escort the Urukandese forces across their land, then provide equipment and border security. Grammaria is finally dragged all the way into the Great War after an Axis attack on the Northeastern Islands causes significant damage and destruction to a military base and harbor, Caraway Harbor on November 6th, 1937. Oddly enough, there were no incidents between Grammaria and Beauregard, as Beauregard was focused on aiding the Tuzhan war effort and fighting the PRU’s Navy at first. One of the only three battlecruisers ever to serve with the Grammarian Navy, UGS Grammari, narrowly avoided the attack, arriving late in the harbor. She would participate in the war with UPA Navy forces, albeit in a somewhat limited capacity.
  1937/1939: The Tuzhan empire then launches a full-scale invasion of Grammaria in the Northeast, sending Grammaria scrambling to execute their defensive plans of trying to stop them in the Tori Mountains, then fighting a delaying action back to the Grammari Foothills. The Tuzhan force busts through the mountain defenses by December 1938, and Grammaria sends out a plea for the PRU and UPA to assist them, as there are fears of Tuzhaz completely overrunning Grammaria’s military. The Retreat Across the Plains, a fairly well-executed if chaotic withdrawal by the Grammarian Army and Air Force to their Bastions in the Grammari Foothills, begins in earnest.
    Beauregard starts sending war material to Tuzhaz as well, and Grammaria cannot afford that, having their Army and Air Force’s hands full with the Tuzhan invasion, so they send their navy to intercept those shipments in 1938 and capture or destroy them. Commerce raids begin along with restricted submarine warfare, which is then superseded by unrestricted submarine warfare when an armed merchant sinks one of Grammaria’s submarines. Beauregard is not happy that their war material is being sunk, so they launch an air campaign to try and stop Grammaria’s naval operations and lay the groundwork for an invasion. The air campaign is thwarted in 1939 by the Grammarian Army Air Force in several major air battles, and Beauregard’s Southern Fleet is then engaged in the Internal Sea by Grammaria’s surface fleet, then backed and supplied by the UPA Navy, blocking any invasions.
    The Grammarian Navy has their hands almost full, but manage to remain combat-effective and never cease putting pressure on Beauregard and Tuzhaz. Beauregard’s attention is then divided between defending their convoys and fighting the PRU Navy, which contributes to a long-term strategic victory by the end of the war along with the damage done to Axis shipping by the Grammarian Navy. Grammaria also remains elusive when on the defensive, avoiding taking very heavy losses, and is thus a specter hanging over Beauregardish naval operations in the Internal Sea for the rest of the war.
  1940/1941: Several battles are fought in the Northern Plains, some won, many more lost. Grammaria loses land rapidly as Tuzhan forces battle their way into Urukand to begin their campaign of destruction. The UPA arrives just in time to bolster Grammaria’s defense of the Foothills—but all the Allies know. The Foothills won’t be able to hold for long, and Tuzhaz is bent on Grammaria’s destruction as well as Urukand’s, but for Grammaria, Tuzhaz seems to want to teach them a lesson for ever yearning for freedom. Knowing that time is running out for Quaker, they form and execute a plan: evacuate, and take everything they possibly can to bases further south and west, and dig in the best they possibly can. Then, they rig several factories to blow, and everything is pulled out of Quaker except a defending force to stall the Tuzhan advance for as long as possible. The evacuation is completed in late March of 1941, but the relentless  Tuzhan force keeps advancing and pushing the Grammarians back until they stop them in the southern Grammaris. Grammaria is now backed almost completely out of their central region, now closer to the coast, but at least they have a defensible line and can still fight, and they do so with a ferocity that can only be described as burning hotter than Hell itself.
  1941: Grammaria, now backed up by the UPA, does what it can to contribute to the Allies in the Great War through to the end, providing anti-ship logistics raids on Beauregardish convoys and an Allied military staging area in their remaining territory, which while targeted by Axis raids, is well-defended and fairly safe for a frontline. They also send what troops they can spare to fight alongside the UPA on other fronts, seeing decent success. They participated in restricted (for one month) then unrestricted submarine warfare against Beauregardish convoys headed to Tuzhaz and other Axis powers, as mentioned earlier. Beauregard declared war on Grammaria at the end of 1938, trying to counter Grammaria’s submarine flotillas. Grammaria effectively completely routed their Air Force by 1943, and destroyed four light cruisers and six destroyers from their fleet (the PRU and UPA inflicted the remaining naval losses during the war), and Beauregard surrendered in 1945 to deal with a rebellion at home (which may have been assisted by Grammarian/UPA/PRU bombing raids). UPA and Grammarian defense analysts alike believe that Grammaria could have kept Beauregard at bay until the end of the war and eventually defeated them had they remained a participant. Grammaria’s navy engaged the Tuzhan fleet in the Internal Sea during the war as well.
    It is then learned in May of 1941 that a group of Toripuran revolutionaries has been working their way to the front line, and they make contact with the Grammarian forces. Once they do, they coordinate their operations to harass and destroy Tuzhan supply lines. These operations consist of Toripuran revolutionaries supported by Grammarian Army Air Force units providing air cover and close air support, and they prove fairly successful, hurting Tuzhan Army logistics and morale.
  1942/1943: As the war dragged on, Grammaria and her allies started to see hope in the form of Tuzhan forces being worn down and pushed back by the PRU, as well as their faltering on the Grammarian front thanks to the logistics harassment campaign. However, the Revolutionary force has been worn down considerably and needs supplies and ground support urgently. Knowing this, Grammarian and UPA military leaders put together a plan, called Operation: Twin Kings, to push the Tuzhan lines back and get supplies and reinforcements to the Revolutionaries. The go-ahead for the complete plan is given in December of 1942 and final preparations are made, only to be put on short hold by a Barian naval assault. This would prove to be a fortunate event, as a late rainstorm swept the area and turned the ground to mud. The actual offensive is greenlit in June of 1943. Grammaria does well, although the UPA takes somewhat heavy casualties, and Twin Kings proves successful, bolstering revolutionary ranks with Grammarian equipment and support and spelling the beginning of the end for Tuzhaz’s occupation.
    Tidbit: Leveling of Gurētojankushon, September 1943.
    There was also an incident in Zerolaria around this time when a warehouse by a railyard in the city of Gurētojankushon on the border with Tuzhaz proper, containing 6,300 tons of TNT, is raided by Zerolarian revolutionaries and detonated. The resulting explosion triggered a magnitude-3.0 earthquake, caused a chain detonation in the natural gas pipelines, and completely leveled the railyard and a significant portion of Gurētojankushon. A firestorm then followed, burning most of the remains and incinerating many of the survivors. Around 100,000 people were estimated to have died in the incident, followed by 19,790 more in the coming weeks from starvation, dehydration, succumbing to injuries, being buried alive in rubble, being burned to death, and continued action by the revolutionaries before Tuzhan forces could organize a proper response. The fire department was powerless to put out the inferno, only able to contain it as it incinerated the west side of the city. The firestorm burned out and died down about four days after the initial explosion. By the end, only 31,710 people survived.
    Following the extinguishing of the fire, Tuzhan soldiers called liquidators were sent in to start cleaning up the mess. Many toxic chemicals were spread throughout the city by the explosion, and they had to deal with said chemicals. The soldiers were effective given a choice, spend however long cleanup took cleaning up rubble and recovering bodies, or fight on the Urukand Front and likely die. During the cleanup, they were only allowed to be exposed for 90 minutes at a time separated by 2 hours of recovery, and when they were done, they had to throw the gear they were wearing into a heap to be incinerated later. Exposure times to some chemicals, however, still proved to be too long, and many of them later died due to complications arising from exposure to said chemicals they disposed of.
    The incident, known as the Leveling of Gurētojankushon, was the largest and worst single war crime ever committed, and conspiracy theorists today argue that it was not a warehouse of TNT, but a nuclear weapon that destroyed the city. It should be known that nuclear weapons weren’t available in any capacity whatsoever until 1945-46. Gas explosions branching out from the blast also caused damage and destruction in neighboring cities and damaged the local natural gas distribution facility. Gurētojankushon later recovered and rebuilt, but a five-block-by-five-block section of the city is still in ruins today, not a memorial and mass grave.
    A monument was erected on the one-year anniversary of the Leveling of  Gurētojankushon at the bottom of the crater left behind by the explosion. It was a four-sided obelisk (not unlike the Washington Monument in real life) standing at 275 ft tall (just high enough to equal the altitude of the crater rim) with a bronze depiction of a bundle of dynamite sticks perched at the top. The side facing the remains of the city was plated entirely in bronze, showing the direction in which most of the destruction is found. A brass plaque at the base reads:
    “This monument stands at ground zero for the largest man-made non-nuclear explosion in human history. 119,790 lives were taken by the blast that formed this crater, caused by Zerolarian revolutionaries. May God bless the innocent souls lost in this catastrophe.” The railyard and industrial sector was rebuilt around and away from the area around ground zero, to preserve it as it was. The city is now itself thriving again, and the “Ruined City” as it is called is a notable tourist attraction along with the Leveling Monument, which is nicknamed “The Boomstick” by tourists. However, even today, the people of Gurētojankushon still carry the scars of that fateful day in September of 1943.
    Grammarian, UPA, PRU, and Revolutionary forces push the Tuzhans back along two fronts, eventually meeting just north of the Grammari Foothills and merging into one. As for the northern area of the Foothills, a series of 5 battles are fought to take them: the Battle of Darrow Hill, the Second Battle of Quaker, the Battle of Last Bastion Heritage Site, the Third Battle of Quaker, and the Battle of Narwhal Hill. Grammaria lost the Second Battle of Quaker (the First was during the retreat earlier in the war), but won the other 4. By the end of 1945, Tuzhaz has been pushed almost completely out of Grammaria, and salients have pushed all the way into Tuzhan-controlled Toripuru, adding a new element to the new Civil War taking place there. The dawn of 1946 saw Tuzhaz completely removed from Grammaria, and Grammarian forces operating alongside the Revolutionaries to free Toripuru from their centuries-long occupation. The Great War ends a few months later, and Grammarian forces withdraw from Toripuru, yet they continue to supply them, and begin to send mercenaries working for Divine Wrath Security and Defense Inc. until the Toripuran Civil War ends a few month after that.

































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